Freedom and Foreknowledge: According to one plausible line of thought, God knows everything that will happen in the future (as he knows everything). This seems to imply that we don’t really have freedom in any substantial sense. Take, for example, my choice of brekkie for tomorrow morning. If God already knows what I’m going to have for breakfast, did I really have the free will to choose it? Of course, I had the two options in front of me, but if I was necessarily going to choose one over the other, it seems that my freedom isn’t freedom at all. What if God doesn’t know exactly what you’re going to pick, but knows you so well that he has a really good idea how you think and therefore what you’d be very likely to pick. How does this change the discussion?

Immutability: Immutability is the property of being unchanging. Most people would argue that God is immutable: if God is the most perfect thing available, then why change, right? If I were God, I sure wouldn’t: if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it! But, omniscience seems to contradict with this property. How, you might ask? It’s all about God knowing something in particular that requires a change. Take, for example, the statement ‘the lesson is starting now’. We’ve all been there: we didn’t realise that it’s already 9am and we had the sudden fear of realising that the lesson is happening RIGHT NOW! For God to properly know this statement, it seemed that he would have to go from the state of not knowing something (i.e., that the lesson is now) to then knowing something. But hang on… I thought God knew everything, so how could he forget things like us silly humans?

‘Cambridge Changes’: Peter Geach makes the distinction between a real change, as opposed to what he calls a ‘Cambridge change’, which is not a real change at all. A Cambridge change occurs when a property is true of an object at one moment but is not true of it at the next moment, not because the object itself has changed, but because something around it has changed that makes a property true. For example, I could say that my friend Barnaby is taller than me, however - due to some miraculous tablets I bought from Amazon - the next moment, my height increased by a foot. After having digested said tablets, Barnaby is shorter than me. By the Cambridge criterion, Barnaby has changed, yet he has not undergone any real change, for in this case (unfortunately for him) he stayed at exactly the same height. So, I had undergone a real change, whilst Barnaby had undergone a Cambridge change. How can this be applied to the discussion of immutability?

Cambridge change (Wikipedia)

Omniscience (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)

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