Types of reasoning: To understand Hume’s argument, it’s important to understand the difference between inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning proceeds from a set of general premises to a specific conclusion that is guaranteed to be true if the premises are true. It follows a logical structure where the conclusion necessarily follows from the starting assumptions. Here’s a famous example: "All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal."

Hume’s Argument: Hume isn’t really butting heads with deductive reasoning. Instead, he’s got a gripe with inductive reasoning (Hume’s argument is often referred to as the ‘Problem of Induction’!) An inductive inference takes as input beliefs about previous observations/events, and outputs a belief about unobserved objects/events. For example, we see the sun rise every day, so we conclude it will rise tomorrow. However, Hume argues that this logic isn’t foolproof. Just because something has always happened a certain way doesn't guarantee it always will. Maybe tomorrow, the laws of physics decide to take a permanent vacation tomorrow, and the sun won’t actually rise!

WTH are we meant to do then?!: Does this mean we can’t believe anything to be true now? Perhaps, but perhaps not. Firstly, we could actually try to defend inductive reasoning. Can past experiences, even if not logically conclusive, provide a strong basis for belief? If so/if not, what does this say about the scientific method (scientists use evidence and experimentation to build reliable knowledge despite the limitations Hume highlights? Are there any other ways to defend inductive reasoning?

The Problem of Induction

University of Oxford Lecture: 3.3 The Problem of Induction

Carneades: The Problem of Induction

⚽ Maths and Fantasy Football: How can you use mathematical models to improve Fantasy Football strategies? In this lecture, an Oxford Mathematician uses simulations to test various captaincy and transfer hypotheses. Discover how mathematical modelling helps analyse complex systems like Fantasy Football if you’re interested in Maths.

🍬 Economics of Haribo: How does Haribo get away with just making one product? This video explores how the candy giant built its success by focusing almost entirely on gummies, using economies of scale, regional taste research, and a massive Wisconsin factory producing 60 million bears a day to dominate the market. A cool watch if you’re interest in Economics or Business Studies.

🦸 Periodic Table of Comic Books: Created by University of Kentucky chemists Dr. F. James Holler and Dr. John P. Selegue, this site is an interactive page linking each element vintage comic books. You can click on the elements and see images and full-page scenes from comics such as Superman, Wonder Woman, and Spiderman. An interesting resource if you like Chemistry!

Wednesday 11th March

Thursday 12th March

Monday 16th March